Trends in Employment and Earnings
Women’s status in the area of employment and earnings has improved on two indicators since the publication of IWPR’s last national report on the status of women, the 2004 Status of Women in the States, and remained unchanged or declined on two others. Women’s median annual earnings for full-time, year-round work in 2013 ($39,157) were nearly identical to their earnings for similar work in 2002 ($39,108 when adjusted to 2013 dollars). The gender earnings ratio improved during this time from 76.6 to 78.3 percent, narrowing the gender wage gap by 1.7 percentage points, and the share of women working in professional or managerial occupations grew from 33.2 to 39.9 percent. Women’s labor force participation rate, however, declined from 59.6 in 2002 to 57.0 percent in 2014.
Survival at the Bottom: The Income Packages of Low-Income Families with Children
This study builds on previous IWPR work and provides information on the income packaging strategies and outcomes for a variety of low-income families with children in the United States during a time period prior to the welfare reform legislation of 1996.
Gender and Economic Security in Retirement
Gender and Economic Security in Retirement is the result of on-going research conducted at the Institute for Women’s Policy Research to analyze the economic status of women and men as they age.
Social Security: The Largest Source of Income for Both Women and Men in Retirement
This Briefing Paper examines major sources of income for older Americans—earnings, Social Security pensions and assets—by gender and marital status.
